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Abbas “salutes” Arab rioters in Jerusalem; Fatah promotes “intifada” ‎against Jews ‎

Nan Jacques Zilberdik  |
  • Abbas: “We salute our people in Jerusalem for their resolve ‎against the Israeli plans to take control of the holy city”‎

  • Fatah: “There is an uprising and intifada in Jerusalem” - Fatah ‎supports violent assaults against Jews

  • Official PA daily editorial: “Jerusalem’s protectors and guardians ‎have well understood that the elections in Jerusalem are a battle of ‎national sovereignty… the protectors and guardians of Jerusalem, ‎the brave residents of Jerusalem, have set the streets of the capital ‎on fire and have lit the torch of defiance next to its historical ‎gates…”‎

  • Official PA daily editorial: Riots are “clearest heroic examples of ‎defending the sanctity of the capital and its holy sites”‎

  • Fatah official “urges young people” to join Jerusalem riots and “to ‎defend the holy sites”‎ and official PA TV broadcast the call

  • Fatah: Confrontations in Jerusalem “not temporary” but “a ‎confrontation between justice and injustice and between truth and ‎lies”‎

  • Fatah official: “There are lions in Jerusalem who are defending it”‎

  • Fatah: Jerusalem Arabs are “the roaring lions” ‎

PA and Fatah Chairman Mahmoud Abbas is actively encouraging the Arabs ‎rioting in Jerusalem:‎

Abbas: “Jerusalem is a red line. We will not agree to it being harmed. ‎We salute our people in Jerusalem for their resolve against the ‎Israeli plans to take control of the holy city.”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 26, 2021]‎

Abbas said this at a meeting in the Fatah Movement Central Committee, and ‎his statement was published by the official PA daily.‎

Abbas also repeated the PA’s excuse for the violence, stressing the PA’s ‎demand to Israel to hold elections in Jerusalem:‎

“We emphasize that under no circumstances will we agree to hold the ‎‎[PA] general elections without the participation of Jerusalem and its ‎residents in running, campaigning, and voting.”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 26, 2021]‎

Abbas’ Fatah Movement further promoted the antisemitic nature of the riots ‎by posting a video with scenes of Arabs kicking a Jew on the ground, Arabs ‎assaulting an ultra-Orthodox Jew, and other scenes of riots and fires in the ‎streets. A narrator introduces the video with the words “There is an uprising ‎and intifada in Jerusalem”: ‎

Text on screen and narrator: “There is an uprising and intifada in ‎Jerusalem…‎
Gaza also had a position and a word [on the matter]. The uprising over ‎sovereignty over the capital has turned into a fire spreading from alley ‎to alley, and from refugee camp to refugee camp… Calls sounded, ‎and they were stronger than the whistling of the occupation’s bullets”‎

[Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of Information and Culture,  April 25, 2021]‎

The reference to “Gaza” refers to rocket salvos fired from the Gaza Strip into ‎Israel, and by this reference Fatah endorsed the rockets as well. As ‎Palestinian Media Watch reported yesterday, the PA is continuously ‎preparing the groundwork for violence to erupt, and constantly reminds ‎Palestinians that violence is a legitimate means in the “struggle” against ‎Israel.‎

Abbas and PA leaders’ interest in continued violent riots in Jerusalem is also ‎clear from an editorial in the official PA daily. It indirectly criticizes the rockets ‎fired against Israel by Hamas in Gaza and urges to keep focus on Jerusalem. ‎Without mentioning Hamas’ rocket fire directly, the editorial was concerned ‎that the rocket fire would make Israel divert its attention to Gaza. The editorial ‎also mentioned that “the struggle” is being waged “through the popular ‎resistance” – a term used by Palestinians, which also refers to the use of ‎violence and terror:‎

‎“Jerusalem’s protectors and guardians have well understood that ‎the elections in Jerusalem are a battle of national sovereignty, and ‎that elections without it constitute an abandonment of this ‎sovereignty… Therefore, the protectors and guardians of ‎Jerusalem, the brave residents of Jerusalem, have set the streets ‎of the capital on fire and have lit the torch of defiance next to its ‎historical gates…‎

It remains for us to warn that the occupation will attempt to divert the ‎compass from Jerusalem and the battle for Jerusalem towards ‎aggressive arrogance against the Gaza Strip (i.e., reference to ‎Israel's response to Hamas firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip –‎Ed.), and therefore it must not be allowed to do this. This is the call of ‎Jerusalem now, because the confrontation is here, and the ‎struggle is here. [The struggle is being waged] through the popular ‎resistance (i.e., term used by Palestinians, which also refers to the ‎use of violence and terror), which is teaching the occupation and its ‎settlers the clearest lessons in resolution and defiance, and the ‎clearest heroic examples of defending the sanctity of the capital ‎and its holy sites. No one can allow the occupation to divert the ‎compass. This is the capital, and this is the battle with its different ‎rounds.”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 25, 2021]‎

Another sign that the PA is hoping for more violence is the fact that Abbas’ ‎Fatah Movement republished a video of Abbas calling on Palestinians “to ‎‎“defend Jerusalem with our lives,” as documented by PMW.‎

Similarly, Fatah’s Salfit District Secretary Abd Al-Sattar Awwad “urge[d] ‎young people” to join the Jerusalem riots and “to defend the holy sites” and official PA TV chose to broadcast his call: ‎

Fatah’s Salfit District Secretary Abd Al-Sattar Awwad: “We urge all ‎our sons and our young people to come out to defend the holy ‎sites and defend the victory of Jerusalem and the holy sites. We ‎also urge the Arab and Islamic states and our masses of the Arab ‎and Islamic nation to come out to the streets to defend the holy sites ‎and defend our people in Jerusalem that is participating in the battle ‎of resolve and the battle of defiance against the settler herd.”‎

[Official PA TV, April 24, 2021]‎

Fatah has further stated that the “confrontation in Jerusalem will not be a ‎temporary confrontation” because it is “a confrontation between justice ‎and injustice and between truth and lies.” [Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-‎Jadida, April 25, 2021]‎

In addition, the PA celebrated as “victory” the fact that Israel decided to ‎remove barricades at the Damascus Gate of the Old City in Jerusalem. ‎

Caption: “Young people applaud Jerusalem in front of the Damascus Gate ‎following the removal of the barricades.”‎

‎“Palestine triumphs,” the official PA daily rejoiced, stating that “the young ‎people of Jerusalem succeeded in imposing national sovereignty and forcing ‎the occupation to remove the barricades.” [Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-‎Jadida, April 26, 2021] Fatah referred to the removal of the barricades as “the ‎victory of justice over the tyrant.” [Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of ‎Information and Culture, April 25, 2021]‎

Fatah posted similar images and praise:‎

Text on image: “Jerusalem triumphs”‎
Posted text: “✌️✌️✌️✌️”‎

[Official Fatah Facebook page, April 26, 2021]‎

Official Fatah Spokesman Osama Al-Qawasmi said: ‎

‎“Despite all the attempts of Israelization and Judaization, Jerusalem ‎remains the strongest, most uncompromising, and most deeply rooted ‎in its history, present, and future… The Israeli occupation’s ‎submission, which is expressed by the removal of the barricades ‎‎[at the Damascus Gate] and its withdrawal from the Damascus ‎Gate, reminds us yet again of the metal detectors that were removed ‎thanks to the foreheads of the worshippers, the arms of the daring ‎heroes, and the legs of the [Arab] residents of Jerusalem that do not ‎tremble and do not bend before anyone other than the One and the ‎Victor [Allah] (refers to Arab riots against Israeli security measures in ‎July 2017; see note below -Ed.).’ … the residents of Jerusalem are ‎defending the honor of the Arab nation and the Islamic nation.”‎

[WAFA, official PA news agency, April 25, 2021]‎

In another statement Al-Qawasmi described the riots as a ‎defense of Jerusalem so it would not be “defiled” – a repetition of the PA’s ‎antisemitic view of Jews’ presence in Jerusalem in general and in the ‎Muslim and Christian holy places in particular. Fatah’s spokesman further ‎warned Palestinians that the “fate” of whoever doesn’t support the riots is ‎‎“shame and disgrace”:‎

Al-Qawasmi: “The Al-Aqsa Mosque plazas are writing the alphabet ‎of freedom with struggle from within their illuminating gates, and ‎are leading us towards redemption… the city of [Prophet ‎Muhammad’s] Night Journey will not be defiled, the prayer niche [in ‎the mosques] will not be silent, the [church] bells will not submit, and ‎the right will not be lost, as today Jerusalem is writing the most ‎beautiful of its words, and is coming out in its entirety to its ‎wedding of freedom. Whoever can support it must know that the fate ‎of them avoiding supporting it is only shame and disgrace.’”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 25, 2021]‎

The rioters are being praised as “lions” and “heroic” by PA and Fatah ‎officials. For example, Fatah Central Committee member Tawfiq Tirawi posted ‎an image from the riots that included the text: “There are lions in Jerusalem ‎who are defending it.” Tirawi added a poem promising that “the sword will ‎not return to its sheath without the right returning to its owners,‎ Heroes of Jerusalem, you are the reality and the others are the illusion!”:‎

Posted text: “(The following is an excerpt of a poem -Ed.)‎
Whoever wickedly prods the lion in his jungle will find his death in ‎the [lion’s] fangs
You will not be protected from [the lion’s] attacks if the enemies ‎have sowed ruin and destruction in his thicket

If you made a covenant among yourselves to exploit him, and you ‎entered the depths of the sea to frighten him
You have enraged the monk in his monastery courtyard, and you have ‎angered the sheikh in his mihrab (i.e., prayer niche in a mosque)‎
O nation that leaps on its right, and holds the sources [of the right]:‎
Do not despair, whoever marches towards the right will only return ‎with it
The sword will not return to its sheath without the right returning ‎to its owners
Heroes of Jerusalem
, you are the reality and the others are the ‎illusion!”‎

Text on image: “Arise for the honor of Jerusalem and bless those who ‎are inside of it
There are lions in Jerusalem who are defending it”‎

[Facebook page of Fatah Central Committee member Tawfiq Tirawi,  April 25, 2021]‎

Abbas’ Fatah Movement also stressed its “pride over the victory of the ‎members of our proud and heroic people that is carrying out Ribat(i.e., ‎religious conflict over land claimed to be Islamic) and standing firm in ‎Jerusalem, the capital.” It referred to Jerusalem Arabs as “the roaring lions,” ‎announcing that through them “Jerusalem is emphasizing and informing ‎everyone that it is Palestinian and Arab.” [WAFA, official PA news agency, ‎April 25, 2021]‎

To encourage even young children to participate in the riots, Fatah posted an ‎image of a masked young child using a slingshot to throw a rock, and ‎holding a Palestinian flag. Text stressed that no one is too young to ‎participate in the riots for “the homeland”:‎

Posted text: “Do not look at my young age. Look at the size of the ‎homeland in my heart
‎#There_are_no_[PA]elections_without_Jerusalem‎
‎[Fatah] Commission of Information and Culture”‎
Text on image: “Do not look at my young age. Look at the size of the ‎homeland in my heart”‎

[Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of Information and Culture, ‎April 26, 2021]‎

Asked by a host on official PA TV to send a message to the Arab residents of ‎Jerusalem amid the ongoing riots, a viewer’s message indicates the public ‎Palestinian support for the riots:‎

Caller: “I strengthen them and say to them good job, and that they ‎are representing the entire nation in their battle. Allah willing, the ‎Master of the Universe will grant them victory and will grant us all ‎victory against this tyrannical enemy, and Allah willing Jerusalem ‎and the Al-Aqsa Mosque will return liberated, Allah willing, and ‎Allah willing we will all pray a prayer of tranquility and piety.”‎

[Official PA TV, Ramadan and the People, April 24, 2021]‎

And if the PA’s invented elections excuse for engaging in violence against ‎Israel isn’t enough, the PA as usual promotes the libel that Jerusalem is in ‎‎“the greatest danger in history” and that Israel is “planning to destroy Al-‎Aqsa.” Therefore Palestinians must “defend” and “protect” it: ‎

PA Shari’ah Judge Ata Al-Muhtasib: “The Al-Aqsa Mosque… is ‎undergoing its most difficult moments… The occupation authorities ‎are continuing to work to realize their goal of Judaizing Jerusalem, ‎while attempting to change the landmarks of Jerusalem’s ‎appearance… and to impose a different appearance that serves the ‎visions of [their] myths… The occupier is carrying out a plan of ethnic ‎cleansing against everything that is Palestinian… This is all ‎happening to Jerusalem and its Islamic and Christian holy sites. This ‎city is currently being subjected to the greatest danger in history… ‎They are planning to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque, they want to ‎swallow up Jerusalem and not leave a trace of the Arabs and ‎Muslims… Allah… support us against our enemies and those who ‎harm us and harm the Muslims… Allah, liberate the Al-Aqsa Mosque, ‎the house of your friend Abraham (i.e., the Cave of the Patriarchs), ‎and the rest of this stolen land. ‎

[Official PA TV, April 23, 2021]‎

The following are longer excerpts of the statements cited above and ‎additional reports:‎

Headline: “The [PA] president: Jerusalem is a red line; we will not agree to it ‎being harmed”‎
‎“The Fatah Movement Central Committee held a meeting led by [PA] ‎President Mahmoud Abbas yesterday evening, Sunday [April 25, 2021]…‎

President [Abbas] said: ‘Jerusalem is a red line. We will not agree to it being ‎harmed. We salute our people in Jerusalem for their resolve against the ‎Israeli plans to take control of the holy city. We emphasize that under no ‎circumstances will we agree to hold the [PA] general elections without the ‎participation of Jerusalem and its residents in running, campaigning, and ‎voting, in accordance with the signed agreements. Therefore, we demand ‎that the international community exert pressure on the Israeli government to ‎honor the agreements that were signed between us on everything ‎concerning elections.’”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 26, 2021]‎

Posted text on Fatah Facebook page with video of riots: “Jerusalem, the ‎capital of Palestine, is rising up – may the eyes of the capital cities not sleep ‎
‎#There_are_no_[PA]elections_without_Jerusalem‎
‎[Fatah] Commission of Information and Culture”‎

The verb “rising up” is from the same root as “intifada.”‎

The reference to “capital cities” is apparently a criticism of the states, and ‎particularly the Arab states, that are not supporting the Palestinians in their ‎riots against Israel -Ed.‎

Text under Fatah logo at opening of video: “[Fatah] Commission of ‎Information and Culture – the Southern Districts (i.e., the Gaza Strip)”‎

[Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of Information and Culture,  April 25, 2021]‎

Excerpt of an editorial by the official PA daily

Headline: “This is the capital”‎

‎“While coming out against the attacks of the Israeli occupation and its settlers ‎against the occupied capital of their state, the residents of Jerusalem today ‎are wholeheartedly repeating the words of [PA] President Mahmoud Abbas: ‎There are no [PA] elections without Jerusalem…‎

Jerusalem’s protectors and guardians have well understood that the ‎elections in Jerusalem are a battle of national sovereignty, and that ‎elections without it constitute an abandonment of this sovereignty and ‎making peace with the ominous statement of [former US President Donald] ‎Trump, who recognized Jerusalem as the capital of the Israeli occupation ‎state (see note below -Ed.). Therefore, the protectors and guardians of ‎Jerusalem, the brave residents of Jerusalem, have set the streets of the ‎capital on fire and have lit the torch of defiance next to its historical gates…‎

It remains for us to warn that the occupation will attempt to divert the ‎compass from Jerusalem and the battle for Jerusalem towards ‎aggressive arrogance against the Gaza Strip, and therefore it must not be ‎allowed to do this. This is the call of Jerusalem now, because the ‎confrontation is here, and the struggle is here. [The struggle is being ‎waged] through the popular resistance (i.e., term used by Palestinians, which ‎also refers to the use of violence and terror), which is teaching the ‎occupation and its settlers the clearest lessons in resolution and defiance, ‎and the clearest heroic examples of defending the sanctity of the capital ‎and its holy sites. No one can allow the occupation to divert the ‎compass. This is the capital, and this is the battle with its different rounds.”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 25, 2021]‎

US recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel

Peaceful\popular uprising/resistance

Headline: “Al-Qawasmi: The confrontation in Jerusalem will not be ‎temporary”‎
‎“The Fatah Movement emphasized that the confrontation in Jerusalem ‎will not be a temporary confrontation in the sea of national struggle, as it is ‎a confrontation between justice and injustice and between truth and lies. ‎‎[It added that] we draw our strength from the Palestinian people’s legitimate ‎and natural rights, and foremost among them freedom, honor, and ‎independence.‎

Fatah Revolutionary Council member and Fatah Spokesman Osama Al-‎Qawasmi said: ‘The Al-Aqsa Mosque plazas are writing the alphabet of ‎freedom with struggle from within their illuminating gates, and are ‎leading us towards redemption… the city of [Prophet Muhammad’s] Night ‎Journey will not be defiled, the prayer niche [in the mosques] will not be ‎silent, the [church] bells will not submit, and the right will not be lost, as today ‎Jerusalem is writing the most beautiful of its words, and is coming out in ‎its entirety to its wedding of freedom. Whoever can support it must know ‎that the fate of them avoiding supporting it is only shame and disgrace.’”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 25, 2021]‎

Headline: “Palestine triumphs thanks to its Jerusalem – the young people of ‎Jerusalem defeat the occupation’s iron barricades at the Damascus Gate”‎

“Last night [April 25, 2021], the young people of Jerusalem succeeded in ‎defeating all the barricades that the occupation police had placed in the ‎Damascus Gate area in occupied Jerusalem, which caused the outbreak of ‎the confrontations throughout recent days…‎

The young people of Jerusalem succeeded in imposing national ‎sovereignty and forcing the occupation to remove the barricades, which ‎it yet again failed to impose. This success joins other successes in the battle ‎of the metal detectors (refers to Arab riots against Israeli security measures in ‎July 2017; see note below -Ed.) and the Gate of Mercy (refers to clashes in ‎February 2019; see note below -Ed.).” ‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 26, 2021]‎

The article includes a photograph by the Agence France-Presse news agency, ‎in which Arabs are seen celebrating at the Damascus Gate.‎

Text in caption: “Young people applaud Jerusalem in front of the Damascus ‎Gate following the removal of the barricades.”‎

The mention of "the battle of the metal detectors" refers to Israeli security ‎measures at the Temple Mount, including metal detectors at the entrances, ‎following an attack there on July 14, 2017, in which 2 Israeli border police ‎officers were murdered by 3 Israeli Arab terrorists. On July 24, 2017, Israel ‎decided to remove the metal detectors and security cameras it had placed at ‎the site. The PA continued to demand that all measures including inspections ‎at the entrances be removed, and Palestinians continued to riot. On July 27, ‎‎2017, PA religious leaders declared that all Israeli measures had been ‎removed.‎

February 2019 Temple Mount clashes

Headline: “Al-Qawasmi: Jerusalem triumphs”‎

The Fatah Movement expressed its pride over the victory of the ‎members of our proud and heroic people that is carrying out Ribat (i.e., ‎religious conflict over land claimed to be Islamic) and standing firm in ‎Jerusalem, the capital. It emphasized that through its residents, the roaring ‎lions, Jerusalem is emphasizing and informing everyone that it is ‎Palestinian and Arab.‎

[Fatah] Revolutionary Council member and official Fatah Spokesman Osama ‎Al-Qawasmi said: ‘Despite all the attempts of Israelization and Judaization, ‎Jerusalem remains the strongest, most uncompromising, and most deeply ‎rooted in its history, present, and future – even if our relatives who are ‎ignorant of history and have lost the ability to discern have abandoned it ‎‎(refers to Arab states that signed peace agreements with Israel; see note ‎below -Ed.), and in spite of the Israeli occupation and its soldiers who are ‎armed with hatred and loathing.’‎

He added: ‘The Israeli occupation’s submission, which is expressed by ‎the removal of the barricades [at the Damascus Gate] and its withdrawal ‎from the Damascus Gate, reminds us yet again of the metal detectors that ‎were removed thanks to the foreheads of the worshippers, the arms of the ‎daring heroes, and the legs of the [Arab] residents of Jerusalem that do not ‎tremble and do not bend before anyone other than the One and the Victor ‎‎[Allah] (refers to Arab riots against Israeli security measures in July 2017; see ‎note below -Ed.).’‎

Al-Qawasmi added that through the blessed uprising, the residents of ‎Jerusalem are defending the honor of the Arab nation and the Islamic ‎nation and declaring with a resounding voice today on behalf of Palestine, ‎the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre that Jerusalem ‎is the gate of the solution, and there will be no stability without it returning to ‎be as it was. He also said that it will remain the flower of the cities and the ‎capital of the independent State of Palestine.”‎

[WAFA, official PA news agency, April 25, 2021]‎

Israel-UAE peace agreement (Abraham Accords)

Excerpt of an op-ed by Omar Hilmi Al-Ghoul, regular columnist for the official ‎PA daily

Headline: “The prospects of the confrontations in Jerusalem”‎

“On the night between Friday and Saturday [Aril 24, 2021], the confrontations ‎between the [Arab] sons of Jerusalem, the eternal capital, and the Israeli ‎occupation security forces and settler herds renewed…‎

Dozens of protests were also held to support the heroes of the holy city in ‎Jaffa, Umm Al-Fahm (i.e., Israeli cities), the Southern Districts (i.e., the Gaza ‎Strip), and many Palestinian cities and towns. A number of the resistance ‎wings also fired salvos of rockets towards the colonies adjacent to the ‎border with the Gaza Strip (i.e., Israeli towns near Gaza)…‎

According to what is becoming clear from the situation in the flower of cities ‎‎[Jerusalem], the confrontations will not be stopped at the point they have ‎reached until now, especially because the forces of Zionist fascism… will ‎continue their war crimes against Jerusalem’s residents, their ‎neighborhoods, their property, and their houses of worship, and they will ‎continue to treat them brutally, arrest them, and work to humiliate them. This ‎means pouring oil on the fire burning in the Palestinian street, and this ‎will increase the anger, popular agitation, and [desire] to respond to all ‎the severe crimes of organized terror by the Israeli occupation state ‎against Jerusalem and its defenders, members of the [Palestinian] ‎people. This will certainly lead to a stage of wide popular uprising with ‎the potential to reach the point of an intifada.‎

Perhaps one who was witness to the Palestinian popular rage and vigor in ‎all the neighborhoods saw with their own eyes how the Jerusalem masses ‎come out from every alley and every street, like a waterfall pouring into the ‎arenas of confrontation. A number of Jerusalem residents even told me that ‎in the previous stages of struggle they did not see this kind of sweeping flood ‎of our people [coming out] to defend themselves against the murderers – ‎the group of [Israeli Parliament Members] Itamar Ben Gvir and [Bezalel] ‎Smotrich, the gang of Lehava (i.e., an Israeli anti-assimilation organization), ‎and the Zionist security forces.”‎

[Official PA daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, April 25, 2021]‎

Image and text posted on the Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of ‎Information and Culture

 

Posted text: “The Fatah Movement said in a statement from its Spokesman ‎Hussein Hamayel that the withdrawal of the occupation forces given the ‎resolve of our people is additional proof that the truth will triumph the lie ‎that is the occupation state and its settlers. Fatah emphasized that what ‎happened is living proof that the Palestinian people is most worthy of this ‎charge that was entrusted to it, which it has protected through the ‎sacrifices that it has made: Martyrs, prisoners, and wounded.‎

Fatah also emphasized that the entire international community, and ‎especially the Arab and Islamic nation, must do that which is required of it ‎and restrain the Israeli aggression against our people.‎

[Fatah added that] this round has proven the strength and self-control that ‎our lauded people demonstrates, and that this people, with its elderly and its ‎young, will continue to defend its land and its legitimate rights, in spite of the ‎occupation and its helpers.”‎

The image shows official Fatah Spokesman Hussein Hamayel.‎

Text on image: “Fatah: The removal of the barricades [at the Damascus ‎Gate] and the withdrawal of the occupation forces given our people’s resolve ‎is the victory of justice over the tyrant”‎

[Facebook page of the Fatah Commission of Information and Culture,  April 25, 2021]‎

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